The Berlin Brigade (1945-1994)

• US Army was in Berlin from July 1945 to September 1994.
  • During this period, the troop command has been known by several different names
    • Berlin Military Post
    • Berlin Command
    • US Army Garrison, Berlin
    • since 1961: the Berlin Brigade.
• Germany Surrenders on 7 May 1945 thus effectively ending the war in Europe
• The US Military presence in Berlin began on 1 July 1945
  • Colonel Frank Howley led a contingent of military government personnel into the city.
  • The Russians until then, had control of the city and had not allowed the Americans to scout their sector before entering.
  • As a result, hundreds of officers and men had to find places to stay in the ruins.
  • Many wound up sleeping in tents in the Grunewald.
• 4 July 1945, Major General Floyd L. Parks,
  • First American commandant
  • Elements of the 2nd Armored Division, moved in to occupy the American Sector in the southwest areas of the city.
  • Ceremonies in several parts of the US sector marked the takeover.
  • Telefunken Electronic Factory, now McNair Barracks, Sherman tanks of the "Hell on Wheels" Division lined up opposite two companies of the Soviet Army.
• The occupation structure was complex
  • General Clay's Headquarters became the office of Military Government, United States Zone.
  • A permanent security force for the American Sector, future Berlin Brigade, was not formed until 1946.
  • The troops of the 2nd Armored Division remained in the city until relieved on 9 August 1945
  • The 82d Airborne Division and its Commander, Major General James Gavin, became the second US Commandant.
• By 1948, the coalitions that had defeated Hitler's Germany had broken apart.
• Europe separated into democratic West and a totalitarian East with a divided Germany in the middle.
• Within Germany, the western sectors of Berlin
  • became an outpost of freedom
  • a "thorn" the Soviet Union desired to remove.
• End of June, 1948, the Soviets cut Berlin's rail, road and canal lines of communication with West Germany.
  • The ostensible reason was Soviet displeasure over the western plan to carry out a currency reform in West Germany that would extend to the western sectors of Berlin.
  • In reality, the Soviets hoped to prevent the formation of a West German government and force the Western Allies out of Berlin
  • The Allies responded with General Lucius D. Clay's famous Berlin Airlift on June 24, 1948.
  • In the largest airlift in history, the American and British planes transported into the city
    • 1,736,000 tons combined of
      • coal
      • industrial products
      • food and medicine
  • Soviets lifted the blockade in May 12, 1949
    • Instead of preventing the establishment of a West German government
    • Their action had given added impetus to the adoption of a West German constitution
• The end of the Blockade was followed by a period of reorganization
  • The Military Government in West Germany ended
    • By forming the Allied High Commission
    • Eventually located with the new Federal German Government in Bonn
    • Established to supervise West Germany's transition to full sovereignty
  • In Berlin, the remaining military government functions were combined with those of the US Commandant in a new post, that of the US Commander, Berlin (USCOB)
• In 1958, Nikita Khrushchev threatened
  • to turn over Soviet responsibility for Allied access to the city to the East Germans
  • If West Berlin was not declared a free-demilitarized city.
• President John F. Kennedy responded firmly to Khrushchev's 'ultimatum" by
  • Reinforcing our troops in Europe
  • Calling up reservists
  • Increasing draft calls.
• On 13 August 1961, the East Germans sealed all but seven of the crossing points between the Soviet Sector and West Berlin.
  • Twenty-eight miles of barbed wire and barriers went up across the city
  • East German militia began construction of the Berlin Wall.
• The Berlin Brigade, as we know it today, was formed at the height of the Berlin Wall crisis.
• It was organized from units already in Berlin by General Orders from the Commander-in-Chief, US Army, Europe.
• October 1962, the crisis caused by Khrushchev's ultimatum to Berlin was overshadowed by the Cuban Missile Crisis
• When that crisis ended, the threat to Berlin also came to an end.
• The US had demonstrated that we would not be threatened or intimidated.
• The size and structure of the Berlin Brigade has remained relatively stable since 1950.
  • Three infantry battalions form the heart of the Brigade.
  • They are supported by
    • a tank company
    • an artillery battery
    • an engineer company organized since 1980 in a Combat Support Battalion.
• From 1950 to 1984, the 6th US Infantry, that traces its lineage to 1812, served in Berlin.
• June 1984, as part of the implementation of the American Regimental System, the Berlin Brigade's three infantry battalions were re-designated the 4th, 5th, and 6th Battalion, 502nd Infantry.
• The infantry, of course, is not the only branch of the US Army represented in the Berlin Brigade.
  • Artillery
  • Engineers
  • Chemical
  • Signal
  • Military Police
  • Armor
  • Ordnance
  • Quartermaster
  • Military Intelligence
  • Service Support
• Working as a team, the Brigade brought together the successors of the soldiers who first entered Berlin over 50 years ago to establish the Berlin Military Post.
• As a unit dedicated to excellence, the Berlin Brigade preserved the tradition of the thousands of soldiers who have served in Berlin since 1945 to 1994, and who faced the challenges of the Berlin Blockade and Khrushchev's Ultimatum.
• Throughout all those years, the mission remained constant: to preserve the freedom and well-being of the people of Berlin, and in so doing, defend the national interests of the United States by maintaining peace with freedom in Europe
• November 1989, the political climate had changed throughout Europe.
• East Germany was no exception with the lifting of travel restrictions
• The Berlin Wall to come down on the 9th of November 1989.
• October 3 1990, East and West Germany were united under one name, the Federal Republic of Germany.
• July 1994, President William J. Clinton presides over deactivation ceremony of the Berlin Brigade
• The Berlin Brigade had achieved its goals and won the Cold War.

The Berlin Brigade had a brief, yet honored and unique history of tradition. Today, those that served continue to be faithful to the Berlin Brigade, its mission, everything it stood for.

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